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India's GERD rose from ₹1,32,567 crore (2019-20, 0.66% of GDP) to ₹2,44,768 crore (2023-24, 0.84% of GDP), per DST's 'Research & Development Statistics 2025-26' report
The private sector's share of total R&D spending overtook the government's for the first time in 2023-24 — 51.8% private vs 48.2% government
The government cites the ₹1-lakh-crore RDI Scheme, ANRF's ₹14,000-crore budgetary provision and missions like the National Quantum Mission and the India Semiconductor Mission as levers to push R&D spending higher
| Country | GERD as % of GDP (latest available) |
|---|---|
| India | 0.84% (2023-24) |
| China | ~2.6% (2022) |
| United States | ~3.6% |
| Germany | ~3.1% |
| South Korea | ~5.2% |
| Israel | ~6.0% |
Publishes the periodic 'Research & Development Statistics' report tracking India's GERD
GERD is the total spending on R&D performed within a country in a given year — by government, private industry, higher-education institutions and public-sector enterprises combined — usually expressed as a share of GDP for international comparison. India's GERD-to-GDP ratio (0.84% in 2023-24) remains well below the range of major R&D economies (roughly 2.6-6%), a long-standing policy gap the RDI Scheme and ANRF are meant to close.
Simple Analogy: The national 'R&D bill', measured against the size of the economy that pays it.
₹1-lakh-crore financing vehicle specifically meant to lift the private sector's already-rising R&D share (51.8% in 2023-24) further, via low-cost loans and equity rather than research grants
₹76,000-crore mission cited among the flagship initiatives meant to raise India's R&D intensity, alongside NQM and NM-ICPS
GS Paper 3 > Economy > Investment Models / Science & Technology > R&D Policy
Recurring — GERD figures are cited almost every Science & Technology Parliament session
Gross Expenditure on Research & Development — total national R&D spend, government plus private plus academic