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PM-JUGA, also called Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, was launched on 2 October 2024 and covers 63,843 villages in 549 districts across 30 States and UTs.
It runs 25 interventions through 17 line ministries and targets more than 5 crore tribal beneficiaries over five years.
PM JANMAN targets 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group communities in 18 States and one UT through 11 interventions by nine ministries.
Under the Forest Rights Act, 54.02 lakh claims have been received and 25.42 lakh titles distributed as on 30 June 2026; 18.13 lakh claims were rejected and 10.46 lakh remain pending.
The Ministry funds 29 Tribal Research Institutes and has built the TribeX digital platform and the AI translation tool Adi Vaani.
Saturate infrastructure gaps in tribal-majority villages and improve access to health, education, Anganwadi services and livelihoods
Key: Launched by the Prime Minister on 2 October 2024. It is a saturation approach — 25 interventions delivered by 17 line ministries into a defined universe of 63,843 villages across 549 districts, 2,911 blocks and 30 States/UTs, targeting more than 5 crore tribals over five years
Deliver basic facilities to the most marginalised tribal communities — safe housing, drinking water, education, health, nutrition, road and telecom connectivity, electrification and livelihoods
Key: Launched on 15 November 2023 with an outlay of Rs 24,104 crore. It runs 11 interventions through 9 line ministries and is targeted specifically at 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group communities in 18 States and one UT. Habitation-level data on PVTG population and infrastructure gaps was collected through the PM Gati Shakti mobile application
Preserve, document and promote tribal heritage — art forms, languages, oral traditions and indigenous knowledge
Key: A Centrally Sponsored Scheme providing financial assistance to 29 TRIs, which work under the administrative control of State Governments and UT Administrations and implement approved Annual Action Plans; support covers research, documentation, tribal museums, training and publications
Document and showcase tribal cultural resources digitally
Key: A digital platform on which Jharkhand's tribal art forms — Sohrai painting, Dokra craft and Jadupetia Chitrakar — have been offered as short-term certificate courses
Make tribal languages accessible and preserve them through technology
Key: An AI-based translation tool supporting text and speech translation between tribal languages such as Santhali and Mundari and Hindi or English
Recognises individual and community rights over forest land and resources. State Governments and UT Administrations implement it while the Ministry of Tribal Affairs compiles monthly progress reports; it operates in 20 States and 1 UT. Habitat rights for PVTGs are recognised under Section 3(1)(e)
The Gram Sabha is the authority that initiates the determination of forest rights claims, and its consent is required where works such as roads and housing intersect community forest resource areas — the point at which FRA and infrastructure saturation programmes meet
Governs the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in States other than the North-Eastern ones, through Tribes Advisory Councils and the Governor's powers over the application of laws
Provides for Autonomous District and Regional Councils in the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, a distinct arrangement from the Fifth Schedule
Extends Part IX of the Constitution to Fifth Schedule areas with modifications that vest substantial powers in the Gram Sabha; implementation is primarily a State responsibility
Establishes the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes to monitor safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and advise on their socio-economic development
Not all Scheduled Tribes are equally placed. A sub-category of 75 communities, originally identified as Primitive Tribal Groups and later renamed Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, is distinguished by a pre-agricultural level of technology, a stagnant or declining population, extremely low literacy and a subsistence economy. Because these communities live in small, scattered and often remote habitations, ordinary area-based schemes routinely miss them — a village-level scheme does not reach a hamlet of forty households two hours from the nearest road. PM JANMAN was therefore designed around them specifically, with habitation-level rather than village-level data collected through the PM Gati Shakti mobile application to locate the gaps. PM-JUGA works on the same logic one level up: rather than offering a scheme that tribal villages may apply for, it defines a closed universe of 63,843 villages and pushes 25 interventions from 17 ministries into all of them until each is saturated. This 'saturation' model — universal coverage of a defined set rather than target-based coverage of applicants — is now the dominant design in Indian welfare delivery, and its administrative challenge is convergence: getting seventeen ministries to sequence their work in the same village at roughly the same time.
Simple Analogy: Target-based schemes are like a shop that serves whoever walks in; saturation is a postal route where every address on the list must be delivered to before the round is complete.
Nodal ministry for tribal welfare; compiles FRA progress reports from States, funds Tribal Research Institutes, and coordinates PM-JUGA and PM JANMAN across line ministries
Constitutional body that investigates and monitors safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and advises on their socio-economic development
Research, documentation and preservation of tribal culture, languages and knowledge systems; run tribal museums, training and publications
The statutory starting point for determining forest rights claims and, in Fifth Schedule areas under PESA, the holder of substantial powers over local resources and development approvals
| Aspect | PM-JUGA / DAJGUA | PM JANMAN |
|---|---|---|
| Launched | 2 October 2024 | 15 November 2023 |
| Target group | Tribal-majority villages generally — more than 5 crore tribals | 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group communities |
| Geographic coverage | 63,843 villages, 549 districts, 2,911 blocks, 30 States/UTs | 18 States and 1 Union Territory |
| Interventions and ministries | 25 interventions by 17 line ministries | 11 interventions by 9 line ministries |
| Outlay | Not stated in the reply | Rs 24,104 crore |
| Data unit for gap assessment | Village | Habitation, mapped through the PM Gati Shakti mobile application |
Tribal administration splits along this line: Fifth Schedule areas use Tribes Advisory Councils and Governor's powers, while Sixth Schedule areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram have Autonomous District Councils with legislative powers
PESA, 1996 gives Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas powers over minor forest produce, land alienation and development plans — the same body that decides FRA claims
The FRA's Community Forest Resource provision sits in tension with the Forest (Conservation) Act framework, and the small share of community titles — about 4% of all claims — is central to that debate
PM-JUGA's 25 interventions across 17 ministries in one village universe is the clearest current example of the convergence model, along with Aspirational Districts and PM JANMAN
Adi Vaani translating Santhali and Mundari, and Bhashini's wider deployment, connect tribal language preservation to India's AI and digital inclusion policy; Santhali is in the Eighth Schedule
Using the PM Gati Shakti mobile application to map PVTG habitations shows a logistics-and-infrastructure platform repurposed for social-sector gap assessment
GS Paper 2 > Governance > Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections; Constitutional Provisions for STs
General Awareness > Government Schemes and Indian Polity
General Awareness > Current Affairs and Schemes
Which one of the following statements is correct?
Answer: Rights are claims of the citizens against the State.
In the context of polity, which one of the following would you accept as the most appropriate definition of liberty?
Answer: Opportunity to develop oneself fully
Tribal schemes, PVTGs and the Forest Rights Act are perennial UPSC Prelims and Mains topics
Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan, also called Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan; launched 2 October 2024, covering 63,843 villages through 25 interventions by 17 line ministries
Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan, launched 15 November 2023 with an outlay of Rs 24,104 crore for 75 PVTG communities across 18 States and 1 UT
A sub-category of 75 Scheduled Tribe communities identified by pre-agricultural technology, stagnant or declining population, low literacy and a subsistence economy
A right recognised under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 giving a Gram Sabha authority over the protection, regeneration and management of its customary forest; community claims are about 4% of all FRA claims filed
A welfare design in which every unit in a defined universe must be covered, rather than a target number of applicants being served
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs' AI-based text and speech translation tool for tribal languages including Santhali and Mundari